Ebussuud Efendi (Turkish: Mehmed Ebussuûd Efendi, 1490–August 23, 1574[1]) was a Hanafi Ottoman jurist and Qur'an exegete. He was also called "El-İmâdî",[1] because his family was from İmâdiyye,Kurdish descent[1] "Abū s-Su'ūd" or "Hoca Çelebi".
Ebussuud was the son of İskilipli Sheikh Muhiddin Mehmed Efendi.[1] In the 1530s, Ebussuud served as judge in Bursa, Istanbul and Rumelia, where he brought local laws into conformity with Islamic law (sharia). Sultan Suleiman promoted him to Grand Mufti – supreme judge and highest official – in 1545, an office Ebussuud held until his death and which he brought to the peak of its power.[2] He worked closely with the Sultan and offered special views on the issuance of judicial rulings.
Together with Suleiman, the "Lawgiver", Ebussuud reorganized Ottoman jurisprudence and brought it under tighter governmental control, creating a legal framework joining sharia and the Ottoman administrative code (qānūn).
While the previously prevailing opinion held that judges were free to interpret sharia, the law that even the ruler was subject to, Ebussuud instituted a framework in which the judicial power was derived from the Sultan's and which compelled judges to follow the Sultan's qānūn-nāmes, "law-letters", in their application of the law.[2]
In addition to his judicial reforms, Ebussuud is also remembered for the great variety of advisory opinions (fatwās) he issued. His opinions allowing Karagöz plays and the consumption of coffee, a novelty at the time, are particularly celebrated.[3]
books:
Commentary
- İrşadü’l-Aklu’s-Selim Mezaye’l-Kitabü’l-Kerim (Arapça tefsir)
- Maâk'dü t-tarrâffi evveli sureti'l-Feth minel-Keşşâf
- Tefsirü sureti'I-Furtan
- Tef sini sureti'I Müminin
- Risale fi bahsi imâni'l-Firavn
- Law
- Fetavayı Ebussuud Efendi
- Kanunname-i Ali Osmani (Fatih devrine adını veren kanun)
- Maruzaat (çeşitli fıkhî ve ameli hükümler)
- Arâzî-yi Harâcıyye ve Oşriy-ye Hacında Kanun ve Fetvalar
- Risale fi vakfı'I-men kül ve'n-nufçûd
- Bidâatü'l-kadî li-ihtiyâcihi fil-müstakbel ve'l-mâzî
- Fe-tâvâ Kâtiblerine Tenbih
- el-Fetva'l müteallikti bı-beyânı'I-valftı'I-muteber e lı'l-hasad ve istihlâk) I-galat
- Gamezâtü I-melih fi evveli mebâhisi kasri'l-âmm mine't-Telvîh
- Sevâkjbii'l-enzâr fi evâılı Menârı'l-envâr
- Hasmü'l-hılâffi'l-mesh ale'l-htfaf
- Risale fi val^fi'I-arazî ve bazı âhkami'l-vakj
- Rishile fi tescili'I-evkaf Risale fi vakfı't-tâvahîn ale'I-arzı'l-mevkûfe li'l-gayr
- Öşür Hakkında Risale
- Language and literature
- Calatüt-ı Ebussuud (Gala-tât-ı Avam)
- el-Kasîdetü'l-mîmiyye
- el-Kasâidü'l-Arabiyye
- Ka-sîde fi nsai's-Sultân Süleyman
- Münşeat-ı Ebussuud
- Galatat (yanlış kullanılan kelimeler)
- Kaside-i Mimiyye (Arapça şiir)
- Sevâkibü’l-Enzâr fi Evâili’l-Menâr
- Ğamazâtu’l-Melih
- Sevâkibü’l-Enzâr fi Evâili Menâri’l-Envâr fi’l-Usûl
- Akaid
- Risale fi beyanı'I -kaza ve'l-kader
- Medicine
- Risale li-ecli'ttaûn
- Duânâme-ı Ebussu-ûud (Duaname yalın bir dil ile yazılmış dualar ve hadisler)
- Risale fi ediyeti'l-me'sûre
- Risale-i Mergûbe
- Mecmua-ı Deavât
Footnotes
1.^ Jump up to: a b c d İsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, Türkiye Yayınevi, İstanbul, 1971, p. 114. (Turkish)
2.^ Jump up to: a b c Schneider, 192.
3.Jump up ^ Schneider, 193.
2.^ Jump up to: a b c Schneider, 192.
3.Jump up ^ Schneider, 193.
References
Schneider, Irene (2001). "Ebussuud". In Michael Stolleis (ed.). Juristen: ein biographisches Lexikon; von der Antike bis zum 20. Jahrhundert (in German) (2nd edition ed.). München: Beck. p. 192. ISBN 3-406-45957-9.
Schneider, Irene (2001). "Ebussuud". In Michael Stolleis (ed.). Juristen: ein biographisches Lexikon; von der Antike bis zum 20. Jahrhundert (in German) (2nd edition ed.). München: Beck. p. 192. ISBN 3-406-45957-9.
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